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The Sonoran desert has supported human settlements for at least . The incredible of the area meant that there were plenty of foods available for Indigenous people to harvest. Today, many of these foods are still available to us 鈥� it just takes a little step out of our comfort zone.

The plants listed are a small sampling of the native foods we can grow in our area. All of these plants are extremely drought-tolerant, ideally adapted to our desert conditions, and will require little care once established. They are all perennials, which means you only need to plant them once. They鈥檙e a great option if you want to grow your own food but don鈥檛 want to fuss with vegetable beds and the high maintenance they entail 鈥� fertilizing, irrigation, transplanting, shade cloth and all that jazz.

Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) offer two options for tasty food: pads (nopales) and fruit (tunas). The young, green pads must be harvested while very tender, otherwise they will be tough. They can be grilled, sauteed, fried, pickled, and marinated. If you want to try them out, you can usually find them in grocery stores in the spring. They taste similar to green beans, but have a mucilaginous texture like okra. The fruits can be processed and made into syrups, juice, jellies and sauces.

Even if you plant a thornless variety, like Indian fig (O. ficus-indica), be aware that the pads and fruit still have . You will need some type of tongs for picking the fruit or pads. For fruit and pads, you can get rid of the glochids by burning them off (by holding the fruit or pad with tongs over a gas flame) followed by processing and straining (fruit) or peeling (pads).

Banana yucca () Every part of this plant has a useful purpose, but for eating, the flowers and fruits are the main event. The fruits are picked off the plant when just slightly soft; they can be green to yellow in color. They can be and have a flavor like a cross between a sweet potato and a banana. They tend to have a lot of seeds in the fruit, but the seeds can be roasted and dried and then ground into flour. Do not confuse this with yuca, also known as the cassava plant, native to South America.

Mesquite (Prosopsis spp.) Native mesquites in the Sonoran desert include (P. velutina), screwbean (P. pubescens), and (P. glandulosa) mesquites. These marvelous trees belong to the legume family, and their bean pods provide nutritious food for humans and animals alike. You can harvest the pods fresh off the tree in the summer; taste the raw pods first to make sure you like the flavor. Desert Harvesters says that each tree can have a distinctive flavor. The dried pods can be ground into a gluten-free flour (no need to remove the beans, just grind up the whole thing) which is then used in baking and cooking. The flour is high in fiber and minerals.

Palo verde (Parkinsonia spp.) Two common native species are (P. florida) and (P. microphylla). Like the mesquite, palo verde are legumes, and the beans are edible; unlike mesquite, you will want to remove the beans from the pods. You can harvest the pods when they鈥檙e green, and remove the beans from the inside to eat fresh or cooked. They can be frozen for later. You can also harvest them when the pods are dry, and eat the seeds toasted or grind them into flour. Another option is to sprout the seeds and eat the sprouts (raw or cooked). The flowers are also edible.

Wolfberry (Lycium spp.) Wolfberries are related to the famous goji berries, and have similar amounts of antioxidants and vitamins and the related potential health benefits. Favorite species for human consumption include and L. pallida. They aren鈥檛 great for fresh eating, due to their tartness, but make tasty jams, jellies, chutneys and syrups and are wonderful additions to various foods as dried berries.

Hackberry (Celtis spp.) The two species of hackberries native to our desert are (C. reticulata), which is a tree, and , (C. pallida) which is a large shrub (and thus easier to harvest). This is your go-to plant if you want tasty fresh berries. You can freeze them if you have more than you can eat, or make them into jams. You will be sharing them with your native desert critters, too.

For more information, visit the . For recipes and more native food plant ideas, as well as information on safe harvesting techniques, check out their excellent book "" You can also download the Linking Edible 蜜柚直播 Forests (LEAF) Network鈥檚 . If you want to try out some of these foods before committing, take a look at the on the Native Seeds SEARCH website.

Fall is the perfect time to plant winter-blooming flowers and shrubs. Not only does this provide you with year-round color, but it also functions as a food source for pollinators during a time when food is scarce.

The following is a selection of plants you can look for in local nurseries to add to your garden. As always, ask about pesticide use before you buy anything, since plants that have been treated with systemic pesticides will be toxic to your pollinators (and many other animals, too).

In general, native plants may look a bit stressed when you first plant them. Don鈥檛 worry, chances are they will recover. Water new plants twice a week to start with, then gradually decrease watering frequency over two months to about once every two to three weeks (assuming no rain).

You can adjust your watering schedule as needed for best blooms聽鈥� some areas are sunnier and hotter, and will need more watering. Timing of blooms will vary based on soil, location and watering, so while these plants should bloom at the times indicated, you may experience some variation at your site.

(Justicia spicigera): This plant likes to bloom in mid-winter with tubular orange flowers. Plant in full sun for best flowering. It can die back if temperatures get much lower than 25 F but will regrow once soils warm up.

(Glandularia gooddingii): Another year-round bloomer, this plant has beautiful purple flowers and is a great alternative to purple lantana. Plants usually last one to two years but will reseed readily.

(Sphaeralcea ambigua): Globemallows grow to about a 3-foot wide and tall mound. They come in a variety of colors, including deep orange and light purple or pink. They like full sun, and can bloom throughout the year. Bees love these plants.

(Tagetes lemmonii): This small shrub grows in a mounding form to about 3-4 feet. It鈥檚 covered in yellow flowers when blooming. Attracts bees and butterflies; birds like the seeds.

(Dalea pulchra): Also known as indigo bush, this beautiful native has lavender-like flowers late in winter into spring. Great for pollinators, it鈥檚 also a nitrogen-fixer. It鈥檚 usually under 2 feet tall. The black dalea (Dalea frutescens) is a related plant that also provides winter bloom.

(Calliandra californica): This near-native blooms nearly all year round with beautiful feathery bright red blooms. It originates from Baja, California, but is hardy in our climate. It can grow up to 4-5 feet tall. It鈥檚 a nitrogen fixer, so don鈥檛 fertilize it. A smaller, native version, the pink fairy duster (Calliandra eriophylla), also attracts butterflies and hummingbirds.

(Penstemon parryi): This perennial has lovely hot pink tubular flowers that hummingbirds love. It prefers afternoon shade. Plant in large clusters for a great show of color. You can also plant it from seeds in the fall, but they likely won鈥檛 flower until fully grown by the next year.

Many of us have favorite plants that we are reluctant to let go of. In addition, some non-native plants are overused by landscapers because they happen to be in stock and convenient. This makes for a lot of yards that look the same. It also means that fewer yards can host native wildlife, something that is becoming more important as natural landscapes get destroyed.

Here are six native alternatives to non-native plants, which will not only make your yard more interesting and lower maintenance, but will also make it . Some of these plants may be a little harder to find, but local nurseries like , , (during plant sales), or will usually have them or be able to obtain them for you. The more people ask for native plants, the more the horticulture industry will oblige them.

Plant (Vauquelinia californica), not oleander (Nerium oleander) for a large flowering evergreen shrub.听 As you probably already know, oleander is extremely toxic 鈥� every part of the plant contains which affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Even dried plant components remain toxic and cannot be added to compost or burned (the smoke is toxic). A single leaf can be deadly to a small child, and it takes very low doses for animals such as horses, dogs and cats to be poisoned.

Besides the potential harm to domesticated animals and people, the plant is terrible for pollinators 鈥� its showy flowers attract them but the plant offers no nectar to reward them for their hard work. It also has invasive potential, and has been on their 鈥淧riority Noxious and Invasive Plant鈥� list.

蜜柚直播 rosewood is a great native alternative. It has a leaf shape very similar to oleander, and grows to a similar size. Its beautiful creamy white flowers are great for pollinators. It鈥檚 a great screening hedge. It uses less water than oleander, can be trained and pruned, and is completely non-toxic. It grows at a moderate rate, and, once established, the growth can be speeded up with more regular watering.

Plant native (Prosopis velutina), not Chilean mesquite (Prosopis chilensis) for a tall shade tree. The Chilean mesquite鈥檚 main selling point is the lack of thorns, but it has . For one thing, it has a shallower root system which makes it more likely to damage nearby structures like walls, driveways and sidewalks. It also makes the tree more likely to blow down in heavy storms. Chilean mesquites also require regular watering, while our native mesquites, once established, will do fine without any extra water. The velvet mesquite is one of the taller native mesquites, growing up to 50 feet tall. It is also an excellent habitat tree for a number of native and visiting birds. Because it loses its leaves for part of the winter, it can be planted in areas where you welcome winter sun but desire summer shade.

Plant (Glandularia goodingii), not purple lantana (Lantana montevidensis) for a low-growing groundcover. Gooding's verbena looks very similar to purple lantana, both in form and in color and in flower type. It's native to the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. It is short-lived, but will reseed in your garden. Gooding's verbena is very versatile, doing well in anything from full sun to part shade. It鈥檚 hardy to 0 F and is drought-tolerant. Pollinators, especially butterflies, love it, and it is a larval food for some moths and butterflies.

While the lantana provides nectar, it does not provide any larval food for butterflies. In addition, other species of lantana have shown themselves to be easily invasive and very damaging to a number of regions. Lantana camara has become invasive in many climates and is threatening important ecosystems in India (including vital tiger habitat), Australia, Hawaii, California and parts of Texas. I have noted that L. camara is also invasive in my yard.

Plant desert willow (Chilopsis linearis) instead of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) for a flowering deciduous tree. While the chaste tree is lovely, it has been found , particularly in washes. An equally beautiful native tree is the desert willow. It has tropical-looking pink to dark purple flowers. It is winter deciduous, like the chaste tree, so both create about the same amount of litter. The desert willow is adapted to our region, requires little or no maintenance, no additional watering once established, and is a .

Plant (Muhlenbergia emersleyi) not fountain grass (Penisetum spp.) for a showy, tall grass. Fountain grass is extremely invasive in our desert riparian areas, and puts our saguaro cacti at risk for high-temperature fires (like the ones last year that聽). Unfortunately, it is still sold as an ornamental grass by nurseries who claim it is 鈥渋nfertile.鈥� The National Park Service states that . Bull grass is native to our area and has . It also provides larval food for a number of native butterflies. It can tolerate our climate and soils well and is extremely hardy.

Plant (Washingtonia robusta) or a (Washingtonia filifera) instead of date palms (Phoenix spp.) for a tall palm tree. The Washingtonia palms are native to our area and adapted to our desert climate. They require less water, less trimming, and no special fertilization. They are hardy to 18-20 F. For more information, check out this great from the University of 蜜柚直播鈥檚 extension office.

Plant the (Hesperocyparis arizonica, Cupressus arizonica) instead of Mediterranean conifers such as Italian pine, Italian cypress, and others. 蜜柚直播 cypress, once common in elevations 3,000-6,000 feet, have plummeted in number due to drought, climate change, and bark beetle infestation. In a managed landscape, the by regular watering. Keep in mind that all of these factors, including bark beetles, threaten non-native conifers in our area as well, so you should probably consider carefully before planting any conifer. If you definitely want one in your yard, , as it will be best adapted to our conditions and will provide habitat for wildlife.

In an ecosystem, ground covers are low plants and small shrubs that grow below the shrub layer. They serve several important functions: they shade the soil, they act as a living mulch, and they prevent erosion.

For the gardener, ground covers are also an opportunity to add in more attractive plants and help your garden deal with drought and heat.

As you may have noticed, in the Sonoran desert low shrubs and small plants are few and far between. Because resources are limited, plants are naturally spaced out. This means that if you want more dense plantings you will need to give your plants additional water. If you use native and drought-adapted plants, you will still be able to conserve water (relatively speaking).

Following is a list of some plants that make good ground covers in our climate. For more information on planning and planting your ground covers, check out this excellent resource, 鈥�,鈥� from the University of 蜜柚直播 extension office. One ground cover you should avoid at all costs is periwinkle or vinca (Vinca major); it is extremely invasive in our riparian areas and .

(Oenothera spp.): These native plants have large white or pink flowers and bloom beautifully in the evenings. They do well in part shade but will likely have more blooms in full sun. The flowers are very fragrant and attract bees and other insects. Two species easily found in local nurseries are Mexican evening primrose (O. speciosa) and tufted evening primrose (O. ceaspitosa).

(Dalea greggii): This lovely native of the Chihuahuan desert has purple flowers which are great for various pollinators. It can take part shade to full sun and reflected heat, is hardy to 15 F and grows about a foot tall and up to 6 feet wide.

(Salvia spp.): These little guys are bright colored, with red or purple tubular flowers that attract hummingbirds and butterflies. They usually do well in full to part sun, and will require more water in sunny areas. They are generally pretty hardy, to between 0-10 F. Two common ones in our area are autumn sage (S. greggii) and germander sage (S. chamaedroides).

(Glandularia gooddingii): Another native and pollinator favorite, this plant has beautiful pink to purple flowers in clusters. It will take full sun and is hardy to 0 F. It does well in poor soil and rocky areas.

(Zinnia acerosa): This native mini-shrub grows about 6-10 inches tall by a foot wide. It has whitish to creamy yellow flowers. It is well suited to sunny areas, and is hardy to about 25 F.

(Chrysactinia mexicana): A beautiful and very tough native, damianita will grow in very sunny areas and is also hardy to 0 F. It grows in small mounds of about a foot across and has lots of small bright yellow flowers.

(Rosmarinus officinalis 'Prostratus'): This is a Mediterranean plant, but does well in our climate and gives you fragrant greenery that can be used in cooking. It has very small bluish-white flowers which are popular with pollinators. It does well in full sun, and is hardy to 15 F.

Do you have a tough spot in your yard where everything dies from the heat and the sun? Maybe it鈥檚 next to your driveway, or up against a south-facing wall. Many plants (even native ones) can鈥檛 handle reflected sun and heat, particularly during our pre-monsoon summer. If you have such a spot in your yard, you may want to consider the plants listed below.

These plants are not always commonly seen in nurseries, and thus are ones that you may not have considered for your yard. Most are either natives or near-natives. I have not included native cacti such as saguaro, prickly pear, cholla, barrel, and others, which would also work, depending on the space you have.

Trees

: This lovely native tree has long, weeping leaf structures and paper-thin peeling bark. It is very striking. It does not tolerate frost, becoming damaged below 28 F. Plant it in a warm area with some heat from a wall or similar structure. It makes a great centerpiece for a patio, or can be planted in a group to form a grove.

: This unusual sculptural small tree is usually bare, showing off its unique gray-green spiky branches. It has spectacular deep violet pea-like blooms in the summer. It only grows to about 20 feet, and is shrublike in its natural shape. It will require some space, due to its spiky nature.

: This near-native from Texas and Mexico has lush green leaves and interesting light-grey bark. It is evergreen, and can grow quite tall (20-50 feet). It鈥檚 also a fast grower, so it鈥檚 a good candidate if you need some shade in your patio quickly.

Shrubs

: This tough, large native shrub is a slow grower, but will reward you with creamy white flowers and dark green foliage. It鈥檚 a great native, nonpoisonous replacement for oleander. It can grow huge (up to 20 feet tall), though it will take a while to do so. It is extremely heat and drought tolerant and can take temperatures down to 10 F.

: While common in our surrounding desert, this wonderful native shrub is underused in our residential landscapes. It is extremely drought and heat tolerant and will require little or no water when established. It can flower year-round when water is available. Best of all, it gives of a wonderful, spicy scent when it rains. It also has medicinal properties.

: This medium-sized shrub is native to Mexico, but does well here. It has pretty white flowers and a natural form.It鈥檚 relatively cold-hardy (to 18 F) and does not require pruning. It is also very low litter, making it a good option for hot pool deck areas.

: Another underused common native shrub, the brittlebush is a boon for our native pollinators. In spring and late summer, it has a profusion of large yellow flowers. Its rounded form and grey-green foliage give a lovely background for taller plants. If watered regularly it will grow faster and bloom more.

Small perennials and groundcovers

: This little spreading low shrub is very tough, with cold tolerance to 0 F and high drought and heat tolerance. It flowers from March to November, and will grow to its full size in about 3 years. It even tolerates caliche soils.

: This Mediterranean native does well in our full sun and reflected heat. It has large, glowing white flowers and attractive deep green foliage. It can be grown on rocky sloped areas.

: This low spreading shrub has lovely purple flowers from May to September and attractive sage-colored small leaves. It is very tolerant of heat and is tolerant of cold down to the mid-teens. It鈥檚 native to the Chihuahuan desert, and will look its best with a little supplemental water during the driest part of the year.

If you鈥檝e got kids, no doubt you鈥檝e already had to pick out cactus spines and glochids from their skin or had to nurse a few scratches. It鈥檚 no fun for kids (or parents) to have to deal with thorny plants. Despite what many think, it is possible to have a native plant garden that is prickly-free.

You don鈥檛 need to avoid spiny or thorny plants completely. Just keep them out of traffic areas (which is a good idea anyway). Narrow paths, driveways, entrances, and gathering spots should all be free of spiny plants, even if you don鈥檛 have small children.

Also, keep in mind that even if you don鈥檛 have any cacti in your yard, other people do. This means that tiny, invisible glochids are everywhere. In addition, many plants can be irritating to the skin, particularly if their stems are broken and they exude a liquid of some type. For these reasons, if your kids are helping you in the garden, make sure you all wear gloves and long sleeves. These will also protect you and your kids from the harsh desert sun and biting critters.

Here are some tips on what to plant in your desert garden to keep kids happy.

Native wildflowers: Most of our wildflowers are spine-free, and can be used to plant a gorgeous pollinator garden. You can get a combination of and . Sennas, zinnias, marigolds, sages and penstemons are examples of native perennials that will bring lots of color to your yard. Native poppies, sunflowers, Gooding鈥檚 verbena and others are great annuals and will reseed themselves each year. You can also plant lots of milkweed to have a 聽鈥� a cool way for kids to learn about the lifecycle of these amazing butterflies. Check out this and when to sow which species.听

There are tons of options here. Desert lavender, quailbush, hop bush, Texas rangers, , yellow bells, , the different , and many others. The red bird of paradise has thorny stems, so you might want to avoid that one, but the and the Mexican bird of paradise are fine.

Small Trees: Desert willow, Mexican bird of paradise, 听补苍诲 are all thornless small trees that will look beautiful in your yard. For advice on how to plant them correctly, check out my article on how to plant a tree in 蜜柚直播. If you鈥檙e planting them now, make sure you have irrigation set up.

Tall trees: If you want really tall trees, , and are possibilities, although they will require supplemental water. Avoid planting hybrid mesquites, even though there are thornless varieties. These crossbreed with our native mesquites and endanger our native habitats. if you want to spice up your selection a little.听

Vines: , and are good near-native options. Pretty much all of the vines that grow here other than bougainvillea are thornless. Queen鈥檚 wreath in particular will attract lots of bees, so keep that in mind if your kids are small and likely to pester the bees enough to get stung.

Grasses: Often overlooked, native grasses provide valuable habitat for small animals and are beautiful to look at due to their movement and soft texture. Some options include bamboo muhly, , , 听补苍诲 . , although availability depends on the season, so you might want to call first. You can also check out the selection at .听