Long-living grapefruit; mite detection tough; cat claw vines
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Answers to your gardening questions from an expert.
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: I have attached a photo of my coral aloe (Aloe striata). After much searching, I believe the hideous, growth seen in the photo is aloe cancer/gall/mite?ÌýI have dug up, bagged and put the plant in the trash. Apparently, I can never have another aloe again except Blue Elf? Is this true, and is this wretched little mite a menace to my neighbor’s aloes? Is there anything else I should do? It makes me almost miss the killing freezes in Colorado!
A:ÌýI believe you are correct about the diagnosis. That appears to be damage caused by the eriophyid mite (Aceria aloinis). Because these mites are microscopic, it is difficult to know they are there until the damage is seen. There is some anecdotal evidence that the “Blue Elf†variety of aloe is unaffected but there is no science to back this up that I have seen. On the other hand, other known host plants include the aloe species arborescens, dichotoma, nobilis, and spinossima as well as Haworthia species. In general, I don’t see these mites as a widespread problem so I wouldn’t put all my aloe investments in one species. They are sporadic pests on aloes and based on the number of questions I get, many people don’t have a problem with them. These mites can spread by crawling and by wind. Because they can’t fly it isn’t a quickly spreading problem and your neighbor’s plants could very well be safe from infestation. What you did by bagging the infested plant and disposing of it is the best thing to do and probably enough to stop it from spreading.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: We are planting cat claw vines along a fence line for privacy. We chose cat claw for its low water use, fast growing and lower temperature tolerance.ÌýWe live in Catalina at 3,140 feet. Our soil is gravelly sandy silt for 18 inches with a silty clay layer below. We have built 4-foot wide by 8-foot tall trellises to cover the 50-foot stretch along a chain link fence on the south side of our house. The trellises are rebar and four-by-four-inch welded mesh panels. I just read that cat claw may not be suitable for planting on wire. Why? I had not read that before. If it’s about strength shouldn’t what we have built support them? How far apart should we plant the vines, the nursery told us five feet. Would four feet be too close? Would one foot from the fence be appropriate?
A:ÌýThe reason wire fences are not recommended is because the foliage of cat claw vine (Macfadyena unguis-cati) tends to concentrate near the top of the plant making it top heavy. The average wire fence would likely not support such a heavy plant. Rebar and welded mesh panels are probably tougher than the wire fence you read about. You might need to add horizontal stretches of wire to prevent the vine from pulling away once it fully covers the trellis. This is a fairly aggressive vine and should ultimately fill in the gaps when planted five feet apart. Growth should start slow and speed up once it becomes established. One foot from the fence seems right.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: I live in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ (caliche paradise). I have a ruby red grapefruit tree in my patio. It is 20 years old, 17 feet tall.ÌýOver the years I have trimmed it into a nice shade tree that gives us 150 square feet of shade. It has four separate trunks off the main trunk. The main trunk is 38 inches in circumference. I just harvested it and counted over 500 large grapefruit. I have not fed it in the last 10 years. I deep water every 10 days in the summer and once a month in winter. What is the normal life span? What am I doing wrong?
A:ÌýGrapefruit trees do not need a lot of fertilizer. A mature tree of the size you described probably has roots extending past the patio and receiving fertilizer from your turfgrass, garden, etc. Or perhaps the site is on a former agriculture field and there is still some residual fertilizer left in the soil. Or perhaps there is fertilizer in the irrigation water. Sooner or later, the tree will show nutrient deficiencies. Maybe it already is, but your yield is not yet affected. Grapefruit trees can live to be 50 years under ideal conditions but insects, diseases, and user errors often take their toll and shorten life spans. Your irrigation schedule seems to be on track so other than finding a way to add some fertilizer to the outer root zone, I think you are doing a fine job taking care of your tree.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: We have chickens running free in a backyard of citrus trees, and to protect the flock I’ve avoided using granular citrus fertilizer to feed those trees.ÌýI’ve used water-soluble general plant food followed with a top dress of compost or mulch, but want to meet the particular nutritional needs of the citrus. How would you suggest fertilizing the citrus?
A:ÌýThe way you are fertilizing is fine. The important information to know is how much nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (potash) is in your water-soluble plant food. The percent of these three nutrients contained in a particular product are usually listed in that order, separated by dashes, on the front of the fertilizer container. Once you know the percent nitrogen, you can cross-reference that with the size the tree in our handy chart to determine how much fertilizer to put down. The difficult thing to know about compost and mulch is the amount of nitrogen available to the plant. The good companies put an analysis of the compost on the bag but still you have to wait for the compost to be watered into the root zone and that can take varying amounts of time dependent on your soil type and how much water is used. The nice thing about compost and mulch is that independent of the nutrients they provide, there is protection of the root zone that can moderate temperature extremes and increase the water holding capacity of the root zone. By the way, depending on how many chickens you have, you may be getting significant additional fertilizer from them.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question:ÌýIs there a list of fruit trees that grow in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥? Specifically, I am interested in peaches, apricots, cherries (sweet and sour) and apples? If they need a pollinator, which varieties do best together?
Answer: The main limiting factor to successfully growing fruit trees in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ is the lack of cold weather. Fruit trees require a certain amount of chilling hours to produce fruit, and we do not consistently get enough cold weather to meet the requirements for many fruit trees you may have seen or heard about in other parts of the country. Fortunately, there is a good selection of fruit trees that do fine here, and as long as you stick with these, you can have many years of harvesting your homegrown fruit. From your list of interests, you can find varieties of peaches, apricots and apples that grow well here. We don’t have cherries, but you can substitute figs, pears, persimmons, plums, quince, grapes, kiwi, blackberries, strawberries and pomegranates. Here is a link to our publication on fruits and nuts that includes much of what you need to know about these varieties. You will notice that the ones that do well in the low desert of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ are marked. There is a link to the pdf version that has a nice chart showing when they are harvested and if they require cross-pollination. Go to
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Question: Thanks to our climate, I’m doing a postmortem for last season’s garden and planning seed starting for next season pretty much simultaneously.ÌýAbout tomatillos: I’ve had rotten luck. I’ve had single plants, mixed varieties, started seeds, bought plants from reputable local nurseries and have tried to appropriately manage watering and soil nitrogen. Tomatoes have done just fine. Tomatillos? I’ve had rotten luck.
Answer:ÌýNow is an excellent time to revisit and evaluate your gardening practices in 2015. In theory, growing tomatillos should be easy although they are as sensitive to the heat as tomatoes and there are a few insects to watch for so you don’t lose your crop. Shade cloth can help protect them once the spring heat kicks in and checking for insects once a week should be sufficient to manage pests before they get out of control. Here are some basic guidelines for growing tomatillos. Please let me know if you are already doing all these things.
Tomatillos should be planted in full sun with well-drained soil. Jan. 15 to Feb. 15 is the ideal planting time, although you can wait until March if you are using transplants. Drip irrigation is ideal and should provide an inch of water per week. Multiple plants are required for pollination.
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question: Thanks to our climate, I’m doing a postmortem for last season’s garden and planning seed starting for next season pretty much simultaneously.ÌýAbout tomatillos: I’ve had rotten luck. I’ve had single plants, mixed varieties, started seeds, bought plants from reputable local nurseries and have tried to appropriately manage watering and soil nitrogen. Tomatoes have done just fine. Tomatillos? I’ve had rotten luck.
Answer:ÌýNow is an excellent time to revisit and evaluate your gardening practices in 2015. In theory, growing tomatillos should be easy although they are as sensitive to the heat as tomatoes and there are a few insects to watch for so you don’t lose your crop. Shade cloth can help protect them once the spring heat kicks in and checking for insects once a week should be sufficient to manage pests before they get out of control. Here are some basic guidelines for growing tomatillos. Please let me know if you are already doing all these things.
Tomatillos should be planted in full sun with well-drained soil. Jan. 15 to Feb. 15 is the ideal planting time, although you can wait until March if you are using transplants. Drip irrigation is ideal and should provide an inch of water per week. Multiple plants are required for pollination.
Question:ÌýIs it too late for my bougainvilleas? I was out of town during the recent night freezes in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥, and I now have two bougainvilleas that are half frozen (they look great where the branches were protected by my awning). What do I do with the dead half? Pinch off the flowers and leaves? Prune it back? Just leave it alone?
Answer:ÌýSince you still have live parts it’s not too late to cover them in case we get more frosts. They will likely come back from this damage. The dead parts will protect the living parts somewhat in case we have more frosty temperatures so leave the dead parts on the plant until the spring when the danger of frost has passed.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Question:ÌýI live here in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ at Villa Catalina condos at Sixth Street and Country Club Road. We have a small rose garden with some beautiful flowers. My problem is some of our larger flowers don’t fully open. I get a very large ball, very tight, but will not open. Then there are flowers next to them, and they open nicely. Any ideas?
Answer:ÌýThere are a couple possible answers to this problem. If the rose buds that don’t open appear unhealthy, possibly with a browning on the edges, there are known diseases and insects that can affect them. If the buds appear to be healthy, a more likely problem is environmental stress. According to local rose expert and master gardener volunteer,ÌýLauren Kettenbach, this time of year that is a common problem. Before Thanksgiving there was some pretty cold weather, and then it got warm again. So it could be weather-related, and it’s also very late in the season to have any blooms at all. I would not worry unless there is a problem with the spring bloom.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Question:ÌýWe live in the Tanque Verde area. In the spring I planted a tomato seedling in very good soil in the planter next to the house on the patio. It grew quite tall and produced tomatoes. I missed the weather forecast for our first frost, and the leaves wilted. Since then I’ve hung frost cloth from the eaves every evening, which traps the heat from the house. Last week when it was 26 on the patio it was 40 inside the frost cloth. Since it was wilted I cut the plant down, intending to uproot it, but noticed new green shoots coming from the bottom. Any hope for the plant, or should I start over in the spring?
Answer:ÌýAs you saw, even if the temperatures are below freezing for a short time, some plants will die back above the soil and still be alive below ground. It is best to cover frost-sensitive plants when possible. In many cases, protecting plants with frost cloth can make the difference between survival and starting over. Your tomato could be fine since you are seeing new growth now. Time will tell for your plant and for many others. Patience is a virtue when determining how much damage your plants suffered. Some plants will not show new life until mid-spring.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: Any idea whose eggs these are? They were on an orange tree in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥.
A:ÌýKatydid laid those eggs. Technically, katydids are grasshoppers of the long-horned variety (Family Tettigoniidae) due to their long antennae. They get their name from the noise they make in the evenings that seems to say ka-ty-did if you use your imagination. Because they often resemble the leaves of trees they inhabit, it is difficult to see them unless they move about. Their eggs resemble small seeds and are laid in a nice row on foliage or stems mostly. Like other grasshoppers, katydids feed on foliage although no appreciable damage is done so they are more of a curiosity than a pest.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: I am writing to see if you have information about peach tree blight.ÌýI have two peach trees in Green Valley and both have been affected by a blight that causes the peaches to shrink in size and become inedible. Is there a treatment for this disease? Both trees have produced fruit for many years and are now advanced in age; one tree is 37 years old and the other over 30 years. They both still produce green leaves and fruit.
A: Improper pruning, not enough thinning of fruit, or poor soil fertility, can cause too small fruit.ÌýThe other factor in your situation is the age of the trees. Peach trees don’t live forever and the average lifespan is around 15 years. I love old trees but if your goal is fruit production, the best thing is to replace your old trees with a couple of younger ones. Peaches typically start producing fruit by age 3 or 4 so if you can’t wait for fresh peaches, select a tree of that age to replace your older trees.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com.
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: Our small HOA is trying to convert to desert or semi-desert landscaping.ÌýIt’s a fight, as some owners want the same flowers they had back east or in California, but we keep trying. We have a number of old Cyprus trees on the property and have been told that it is OK to disconnect the drip irrigation systems currently watering them because they have a well-established root system that will ensure they get enough water. Do you agree it is OK to not water them any longer? We don’t want them anymore, but can’t afford to cut them down. I’d also like to learn what desert plants you recommend that don’t need regular watering, provide color, and, if it’s not asking too much, what months they bloom?
A:ÌýKeep up the good fight for native desert or desert-adapted plants. We can always go visit our old plant friends from other places but it is hard to sustain them here. Cypress trees need water just like everyone else. If you cut off the supply, those trees will eventually die of complications from drought. The problem with just letting them die is they might fall and hurt somebody or something. If they are out in the middle of nowhere that might be okay but I am guessing they are not. There are desert plants that don’t need much water but everything needs some water.
The extreme examples get by with seasonal rainfall but even those plants suffer when we have a drought. There are quite a few choices of shrubs you can use that provide color and don’t require much water. A good online source of information for this is and of course you can always chat up your local Cooperative Extension agent, plant nurseries and Master Gardener volunteers about specific plants.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: We have been having a bad stink bug infestation (hemipterans not pinacate beetles) the past couple of years in the garden.ÌýThis past year they were out early and often and basically ruined the entire tomato crop. We are at 5,000 feet and don’t plant until May. First fruits are almost never harvested before Aug. 15. It is a cold zone with 46 nights at or below freezing so far this winter (no that is not a misprint). Do you have any suggestions to deal with these pests?
A:ÌýThere are a couple things you can do. First, it is helpful to scout once a week when your crop comes up to see when the stink bugs begin to lay eggs. They are laid in a mass of 10-25 on the underside of leaves and look like tiny barrels. You can reduce the population significantly by removing the eggs before they hatch. Once they hatch and are actively feeding you can spray them and the sooner, the better while they are still young. If your crop is organic there is a product called PyGanic that works pretty well on hemipterans. If you use conventional pesticides, there are more choices but they may have some restrictions on when you apply them relative to when you harvest.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: I have a backyard of Bermuda that is overseeded with annual rye grass.ÌýLast year was my first in this house and I moved in during January to find numerous winter weeds sprouting in the over-seeded Bermuda grass. With the recent rains I have the same weeds returning. Will a general-purpose weed and feed fertilizer/herbicide take care of the weeds or should I use another product? When should I apply? Last year I removed the weeds by pulling them out by hand.
A:ÌýWithout knowing which weeds you are seeing I would guess you are concerned about winter annual broadleaf weeds such as London rocket. These are called winter annuals because they germinate in the fall, survive the winter, and sprout in the spring. Our winter in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ being mild and short, these weeds don’t waste time waiting for the vernal equinox and are up and flowering now. The answer to your question is likely yes; any post-emergent broadleaf weed herbicide will take these weeds down. A cautionary note: your trees and shrubs are in the same plant category as your broadleaf weeds so be careful about applying these herbicides on these desired plants and their root zones. In most situations, spot treating your weeds is better than carpeting your lawn with herbicide both for saving your desirable plants and for saving a few bucks on the product.
It is best to treat your weeds now before they go to seed. Be careful to avoid windy days so the herbicide doesn’t drift onto nearby plants and follow any other precautions listed on the label. Pulling weeds is also an option and can be therapeutic, if you have the time and the energy. Finally, keeping your lawn healthy is a good defense against weeds.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: What is the best month in the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥/Marana area to trim back hibiscus and bougainvillea plants?ÌýAlso, I need to cut back and trim greasewood so what is the best month for that shrub?
A:ÌýHibiscus species should be pruned in late winter to promote growth in the spring because it blooms from buds produced in the same season. Bougainvillea species can be pruned once the danger of frost has past, usually mid-March. During the growing season, vigorous shoots can be pruned as needed. Greasewood, aka creosote (Larrea tridentata), doesn’t require any pruning except to control the size and that can be done any time.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Question: I am trying to find out what kind of plants I can plant in my garden that will help ward off insects.
Answer:ÌýDespite a large amount of misinformation published on this topic, there are no plants that can be used to repel insects effectively. There are, however, plants that can be planted together to reap other benefits. Flowering plants can be used to attract beneficial insects that help manage pests. Mostly these helpful plants are flowering plants that supply nectar and pollen to the predators and parasites that prey on pest insects. The nice thing is most any flowering plants can be effective in this way so you can choose ones that you like and that do well in your area. One plant feature that works well is flowers that face up and form a cup or sorts that can hold rainwater since water can be scarce. Another idea is planting varieties that are more attractive to pests and can be used as trap crops to lure the pests away from a desirable crop. The grower then has the option to spray the trap crop with the pests on it or simply let them eat it. Also, some plants act as nurse plants for more sensitive species by shading them. We often see saguaro cacti growing this way naturally in the desert.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Poinsettias thrive on bright natural daylight: at least six hours daily is recommended. Placement near a sunny window is ideal, but avoid locations where hot afternoon sun may shine directly on, and fade colorful bracts.
To prolong the bright red of the bracts, temperatures ideally should not exceed 70 degrees during the day, or fall below 65 degrees at night. Avoid placing poinsettias near drafts, fluctuating air currents, excess heat and dry air from appliances, fireplaces or ventilating ducts. Poinsettias are sensitive to cold temperatures and outside placement during the winter months is not recommended when temperatures are below 55 degrees Leaf drop will occur if poinsettias are exposed to temperatures below 50 degrees
Poinsettias do best with moist soil so water when the soil surface feels dry to the touch. Like other container plants, the best indication of a thorough watering is water begins to seep through the drain holes at the bottom of the pot. Don't leave them sitting in water or they may suffer from root rot. It is not necessary to fertilize your poinsettias during the holiday season, however, beyond the holidays you should apply a balanced, all-purpose household plant fertilizer to promote new growth.
Poinsettias can be grown year round for lush green foliage.
March or April:ÌýWhen the bracts age and turn to a muddy green, cut the stems back to about eight inches in height. After you cut the plant back, it will probably look rather stark, with bare branches and bluntly cut woody stems.
By the end of May, you should see new growth. Keep the plants near a sunny window.
Around July 4:ÌýCut branches back again about half their length to encourage bushy plants. You may place your poinsettias outdoors in indirect sun when night temperatures are warmer. Continue to water the plants regularly during the growing period. Fertilize every two to three weeks throughout the spring, summer and fall months with a complete, indoor plant fertilizer.
The poinsettia is a plant that requires a long period of darkness and is termed a "short day" (long night) plant. Short-day plants form flowers only when day length is less than about 12 hours. Many spring and fall flowering plants are short day plants, including chrysanthemums, poinsettias and Christmas cactus. If these are exposed to more than 12 hours of light per day, bloom formation does not occur.
November or December:ÌýPoinsettias will naturally bloom depending upon the flowering response time of the particular cultivar. This can be tricky to do outside of a controlled greenhouse environment, because any stray artificial light could delay or halt the flowering of the plants.
To make this work, the plants must be kept in complete darkness for 14 continuous hours each night beginning Oct. 1. This can be done by moving the plants to a dark room, or placing a large box over them. During this period, the plants require six to eight hours of bright sunlight and night temperatures between 60 and 70 degrees. This regimen must continue for about eight to 10 weeks for the plants to develop colorful bracts for the holiday season.
If this seems like too much effort, you can always support the horticulture industry by purchasing another poinsettia.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
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Q: Can you tell me if this tree is a cedar of Lebanon?
A:ÌýIt looks like a deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) from a distance. Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani) branches usually form level layers in a mature tree. The deodar doesn’t usually look as layered and the branches and the leader tend to droop at the ends.
To be sure, you can count the needles in a cluster and you can measure them. The cedar of Lebanon has clusters of 15 to 45 whereas the deodar cedar has clusters of 20 to 30 so there is some overlap but if you can find some with greater than 30 needles that is a good clue.
Of the three true cedar trees in the genus Cedrus, the longest needles belong to the deodar cedar. If most needles exceed 2Æ’ centimeters is likely a deodar cedar.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: Today I spoke with two lovely ladies at the Oro Valley Farmers market. I asked about this flower that grows wild in my yard. When I first saw it I thought it was a form of dandelion, but it has a gorgeous iridescent white bloom that opens at dusk. The hawk moths love it. The seedpods are plentiful right now, all dried up at the base of the plant. I’m including some pictures to help identify it. One woman showed me a photo of a birdcage primrose, however I’m thinking it is just an evening primrose.
A:ÌýThere are a few species of primrose so it’s easy to get confused. I checked with our friends at the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Herbarium and they think it is Oenothera caespitosa, commonly known as tufted evening primrose and fragrant evening primrose. This low-growing perennial is found throughout the West in sunny, dry, infertile, rocky, well-drained soils. It requires little water, which makes it a good choice for xeriscape gardens. Moderate watering will keep it blooming all summer.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: Do you have any info that would help our HOA organize its response to its fountain grass infestation? Also, are there any fountain grass variations that local nurseries sell that are sterile and won’t spread?
A:ÌýFountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum) is a fast growing, attractive, perennial, fire-adapted bunch grass and in our ideal environment can reach several feet tall and wide. It does just fine in dry environments although some rain helps. Unfortunately, it invades desert areas and readily outcompetes native species.
There are some varieties that are purported to be sterile but research shows they’re not 100 percent sterile and that’s a deal breaker considering it is invasive. Since it is a noxious weed in dry areas like ours I recommend removing it when possible, spraying with herbicides when necessary, and not planting it again. As is sometimes the case with invasive plants, humans are guilty of planting this species before we knew it was invasive. When it was first introduced, it was thought to be just another pretty grass for medians and landscapes.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question: I found this insect on my gas grill today.ÌýIs this the kissing bug I have been reading about?
Answer:ÌýWhat you are seeing is the giant agave bug (Acanthocephala thomasi). Kissing bugs (Triatoma species) are smaller and don’t have the bright orange feet and orange tips on the antennae. Also, the kissing bugs feed primarily on mammals, such as pack rats and humans, whereas the bug you found feeds on plants. Recently, there was a flurry of news reports in other parts of the country on the kissing bugs and the associated Chagas disease they can transmit. These stories then spread through social media, gathering some misinformation as they went. So I understand why you are concerned. Despite the media hype, this was not actually new information.
Kissing bugs are more common in the Southwest. However, the risk of Chagas disease transmission in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ is very low, according to University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Cooperative Extension SpecialistÌýDawn Gouge.ÌýUA researchers found a high rate of infection (about 40 percent) of kissing bugs in southern ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ by the protozoanÌýTrypanosoma cruziÌýthat causes the Chagas disease infection. However, the kissing bugs in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ differ from those in areas where Chagas disease is a health problem and are not as effective in transmitting the disease to humans. The reason has to do with the timing of blood feeding and defecating. Our local species fly then poop as opposed to poop then fly. The protozoa are passed in feces, not during blood feeding, so by waiting to defecate until after they fly from where they eat, their behavior greatly reduces chances for transmission.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question: I have a desert broom plant in my yard that has turned into a tree. I really like it but it is now blooming and is sending cottony stuff all over the yard.ÌýMy neighbor said it is a weed and a nuisance and I should cut it down. Is there any way I can keep it from blooming?
Answer:ÌýDesert broom (Baccharis sarothroides) is a native plant and very common in the Southwest. It is often considered a weed because of its ability to colonize open spaces quickly. My predecessor at the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Cooperative Extension,ÌýGeorge Brookbank, was a proponent of this plant as a good native shrub for landscape use, so not everyone sees this plant as a weed. There is no way to prevent it from blooming, but you could prune off the flowers before they go to seed and start taking flight. That way you could still enjoy the plant to some extent and hopefully appease your neighbor.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question: Our HOA has declared war on buffelgrass: a good thing.ÌýBut rather than remove it, they are having intense commercial spraying of glyphosate using concentrations higher than the typical herbicide available to homeowners. I cannot find information (from scientific sources such as .edu) about the immediate or long-term toxicity of the spray on cactus or our desert trees. Do you know of any research showing what it may do?
Answer:ÌýAccording to our University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Cooperative Extension Weed Specialist,ÌýBill McCloskey, direct spraying of cacti with glyphosate repeatedly will probably kill most cactus species but they can withstand incidental spray contact (i.e., the whole plant is not sprayed) intermittently and can survive a single direct spraying. Generally, we recommend spraying grass-specific herbicides for grass control (e.g., fluaziflop, sethoxydim or clethodim on bermuda grass) to avoid injuring the cacti. Unfortunately, this class of herbicides doesn’t work well on buffelgrass, but maybe repeated spraying would eventually do it. Manual removal of buffelgrass would be effective in this case but understandably hard around cacti.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question: I occasionally run across a dead branch on some of my mesquite trees.ÌýThe dead branch sticks out like a sore thumb, and on closer inspection, there is a ring around the branch etched into the bark. The foliage in front of the ring is dead, but behind everything appears fine. First, do you know what causes this? Second, should I be concerned. And third, should I be preventing this and how? Right now, all I do is prune the branch out.
Answer:ÌýThe ring etched in the bark is the work of the mesquite twig girdler (Oncideres rhodosticta). This beetle is in the family Cerambycidae that are commonly referred to as long-horned beetles due to their long antennae. The adults aren’t commonly seen on the trees although they are attracted to lights at night if you want to find them. The female chews a ring in the stem and deposits her eggs further out on the stem. The eggs hatch in the stem and the larvae feed on the dying wood in the stem caused by the girdle cutting off nutrients to the end of the branch. The larvae will overwinter in the wood and adults will emerge in the spring. Research has shown the damage has no affect on the health of mesquite trees and it is simply nature’s way of pruning. So the good news is you don’t have to do anything to prevent these beetles from chewing on your trees.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: We are snowbirds here November through March. Much of our landscape was redone the last week of March and we departed April 3.ÌýNow we have just returned and I see our 5-gallon emus (red valentine shrubs) have bit the dust and a couple red barrels are dying. These plants should have been sturdy enough for their western exposure site. Our new sprinkler system is one year old and works fine. Would you guess that these plants should not have been planted so late in the spring before we left right away? Perhaps they needed two to three daily waterings on hot summer days but no one was here? Our gardener/landscaper didn’t indicate that there should be any problems and he knew we are here just part time and he set the sprinklers.
We both chose the plants together and he knew we were leaving immediately after he installed the landscape. He wasn’t able to schedule our work sooner and I think maybe the job shouldn’t have been done after late January to allow the plants to settle in before the heat hit.
A:ÌýThe last week of March and into April we were seeing temperatures in the high 80s and low 90s. If your irrigation was working properly and delivering the right amount of water then you might have been OK, although western sun exposure is a tough place to get started when it gets hot.
Drip irrigation is the preferred method rather than a sprinkler and the recommended amount for the summer season is once every 14 days to a depth of 12 to 18 inches for the barrel cacti and 24 to 36 inches for the emu shrubs. The barrels (Ferocactus species) are certainly desert plants and the emu (Eremophila maculata) is from Australia and a good desert adapted plant so their chance of survival in your area is good.
You are asking the right questions and if you are planning to try again, I recommend planting earlier, maybe now, so they can get established before the summer and make sure to adjust your irrigation to fit the needs of the plants.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: When is the correct time to prune roses in the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ area? And do you prune them like we do in the Midwest, i.e. cut back near the ground?
Answer:ÌýThe pruning of roses is recommended twice per year in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. The first pruning can be done in late January to a height of 15 inches or so. This time remove all dead wood, crossing branches, and small leaves. Seal the fresh pruning cuts with Elmer’s glue to prevent insects from invading the newly cut branches, fertilize, and then water.
In mid-September a lighter pruning is recommended. This time remove one third of the plant along with any diseased or dead wood but leave any leaflets. Seal fresh cuts with Elmer’s Glue, fertilize, and water.
The Pima County Master Gardeners teach classes on roses and other things at some of the public libraries in case you’re interested. Check your library schedules or call the Extension Office for more information,626-5161.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: I am writing to inquire about recommendations for a nontoxic approach to controlling citrus leafminer on a young lime tree I am growing in a large pot.ÌýI do not recall having this pest in the past and have had limes, grapefruit and lemons for many years. This new lime tree I planted about a year ago is now infested on all the new leaves and I am wondering if there might be a nontoxic method to reduce or eliminate them. I have looked up information on the web but the recommendations seem to be relatively toxic and I would prefer to avoid those if possible.
A:ÌýBecause your lime tree is young, insecticides are generally recommended to prevent these insects from slowing the growth of the tree. That said, you could let your tree tough it out since there are natural enemies that prey on the citrus leafminer and the leaves they damage are still effective food producers for the tree.
Other things you can do to manage the situation include avoiding pruning except for water sprouts and branches broken by wind, et cetera, and only fertilizing outside of the normal flights of the adults. The adults are most often seen in the summer and fall months. Both pruning and fertilizing promote the new growth that is most attractive to these insects.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q:ÌýI’ve never seen a bug like this one found in my garage. It had eyes and would move quickly when I put my finger in front of it.
A:ÌýThis is a solpugid. It is a member of the arachnid class in the phylum of arthropods and related to spiders and scorpions but distinct enough to warrant their own order. Their habitat is the desert and they are predators of other arthropods and have a reputation for being fast; their top speed is reportedly around 10mph. They have no venom, are harmless to humans, and do a good bit of pest management for us while we sleep. All things considered, they are good to have around.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question:ÌýI have a palm tree the city wants me to trim. I don’t want to spend the money to have someone else do it. I don’t want to climb a 20-foot ladder with a chainsaw. And I like the way this tree looks. Can you help me by saying something about how this form is considered by many people to be attractive and is a common landscape practice?
Answer:ÌýIt is a common practice to leave a full skirt on palm trees and you can find others in the city just like yours. Most palm trees with a full skirt are a bit taller and as long as the bottom 10 feet of the tree is bare and the dead fronds are away from anything that might catch fire, everything is deemed okay. Some people find the natural form of these trees with a full skirt to be attractive and others like to see them well pruned. Unfortunately for you, the city requires the latter when the skirt hangs low like yours does. The hazards of palm skirts and the risks are mostly fire and having it fall on someone and crush them.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question:ÌýI found a patch of Aleppo pine that is dying on the west side of La Canada. The road was recently widened (3 years ago) and this whole group fronts close to the road. Could the die-off be due to road widening?
Answer:ÌýYes, the trees could be suffering from the road widening. Construction would likely damage the roots on that side of the tree and typically damage such as this shows up above ground a few years later. It would be difficult to protect such large trees in a road-widening because their roots likely extend two to three times the width of the crown. In a different construction situation the property owner could ask for a protective zone to be fenced off around the tree to help more of the root system to survive. Typically when we see trees that have been attacked by pine engraver beetles, the color of the needles ranges from straw to reddish colors.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to plwarren@cals.arizona.edu
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: I’m looking for a good tree that gives fall color.ÌýI’m trying to decide between a Texas red oak and a red push pistache. Is one a better tree for our desert climate? Which grows quicker and has better form? It would be planted about 20 feet from our home in Marana. Could you give me info about each tree so I could make a good choice?
A:ÌýThe Texas red oak (Quercus buckleyi), aka the Texas hill country red oak, is a deciduous shade tree that may reach 30 feet in height and 60 feet in width under ideal circumstances. It has excellent fall color and makes a good specimen for our area. The downside might be the leaf litter and the acorns, depending on how you feel about either cleaning up after them or not. The red push pistache (Pistacia chinensis) is a hybrid deciduous tree that also has excellent fall color, maybe even better than the oak. Its growth is moderate and at maturity it typically reaches 40 feet tall by 35 feet wide. The leaflets are smaller and should be less troublesome than the oak leaves. The pistache should just fit your space if you plant it 20 feet away. The Texas red oak is typically a larger tree and would not fit your space as well.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Email him atÌýcsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: I have been buying firewood (mesquite and eucalyptus) to burn some and use some for woodcrafts like lathe-turned vases.ÌýIt is common for the wood to be full of large round and oblong holes that are caused by some type of insect. Recently I was able to extract two almost whole grubs of some sort from a piece of mesquite. One “grub†is essentially round, and the other has a large head, sort of triangular, and a smaller round body. Can you tell me what these are and if they pose any danger to my house? Is there anything I can do to get rid of them?
Also, I cut some fresh mesquite last spring and left it in my garage to dry over the summer. It became riddled with small circular holes, apparently caused by some different insect. In this case the damage is pretty much limited to the early, or sap wood. Can you also give me some information about the insect that causes this other type of damage?
A:ÌýThe two grubs are representatives of common wood-boring beetles from the Buprestidae and Cerambycidae families of insects. The round one is a larva of a long-horned beetle and the one with the large head is a larva of a metallic wood-boring beetle. Both of these insects are associated with dying or dead trees. Their galleries can be seen on sapwood, as you described, and the adult beetles are commonly seen emerging from firewood. They are not known to infest or reinfest dry wood so your home is safe. The small circular holes are from bark beetles, another species commonly associated with dying and dead trees in our area. In the forest, these three are examples of insects helping decompose trees into soil. Without them and the associated fungi and bacteria, we would be up to our eyeballs in timber and our soils would have even less organic matter than usual.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Email him atÌýcsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: I was finally sitting outside last week with my soda and had up to five aggressive bees wanting my beverage. Yikes! They even have a memory cause the next day without my beverage, they were still checking me out! I also noticed them in my recycle bin. I don’t remember this happening before. Is anything different going on?
A:ÌýThe main thing going on this year is a slightly colder winter. Honeybees overwinter in their hives to keep warm and feed on the honey they stored during the warmer months. On nice days, they are as likely to get outside as you are and they will also partake in a sweet beverage. Since not as many flowering plants are available in the winter, you may see honeybees in recycle bins where food and drink residues may be found in addition to having some competition for your beverage.
As you exclaim, “careful man, there’s a beverage here,†be reminded that we all have to eat and a sugary beverage is a food source for a bee.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: I live in Sierra Vista and have a small peach tree, about 3 to 4 years old. Last spring it bloomed for the first time and set about a dozen peaches. When the fruit was a bit smaller than golf ball size, I noticed each one had a small hole and was oozing a clear sap-like substance. I assume an insect of some kind that had bored into the fruit caused it. Each peach shriveled up and fell off the tree. With what should I treat my tree and when to prevent this again?
A:ÌýPeaches and other fruits such as pomegranates are potential food for a few different insect species. Based on your description, I suspect one of the larger plant bugs we refer to as leaf-footed bugs. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts that penetrate the fruit to suck out the sap. Their saliva has a toxin in it that injures the fruit. The resulting wound is also an entry point for disease and that is possibly what caused the fruit to shrivel and fall from the tree. Treating for this insect is challenging because as adults they are fast moving and can fly. The insecticides used are contact poisons so you need to know where they are and hit them directly with the treatment. There are organic and conventional insecticides available for this pest.
The best time to treat for them is when they are young. The young are yellow-orange in color and usually hang out in a group. Since you have a small tree this will be easier than if you had an orchard of trees to monitor.
The other thing you can do is look for eggs on your tree and remove them before they hatch. This hatch occurs in a week or less after they are laid so monitoring once a week is critical to removing them before they emerge. The eggs are laid in a row along a stem or the midrib of a leaf and are golden-brown in color. Since these insects also feed on citrus and pomegranates, it is good to monitor those plants as well if you have them nearby.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Q: We have some old mesquite trees and palo verde trees near our walking lanes. There are old clay unsealed sewer pipes nearby at a depth of about 4 feet. Are we at risk for sewer problems? How far should any tree be from a lane with old sewers? As for new trees, we were thinking of planting more of the above but not near the walk lanes. Desert willows were also suggested, but they may need more water. Do you have any other suggestions?
A:ÌýYour sewer pipes are at risk with tree roots nearby. Typically, mature tree roots extend 2 to 3 times the width of the crown so it is wise to give any potential obstructions such as sewer pipes, sidewalks and houses enough room. Since the trees are old and so are the pipes, you might wait and see if a problem presents. It is certainly a good idea to have the pipes inspected or monitor the water use rate if you suspect a leak. There are quite a few choices for low water use trees. The decision usually begins by measuring the space you have available both below ground and above ground. The mature size of a tree should be accounted for in any plan to plant. Desert willows are a low water use tree and a good one if your space isn’t large enough for a mesquite tree. Other species to consider include white thorn acacia, ironwood and Texas ebony. Your plan should also include irrigation even though you are planning to go with a low water use tree. Even native desert species need some water.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- Updated
Question: I occasionally run across a dead branch on some of my mesquite trees.ÌýThe dead branch sticks out like a sore thumb, and on closer inspection, there is a ring around the branch etched into the bark. The foliage in front of the ring is dead, but behind everything appears fine. First, do you know what causes this? Second, should I be concerned. And third, should I be preventing this and how? Right now, all I do is prune the branch out.
Answer:ÌýThe ring etched in the bark is the work of the mesquite twig girdler (Oncideres rhodosticta). This beetle is in the family Cerambycidae that are commonly referred to as long-horned beetles due to their long antennae. The adults aren’t commonly seen on the trees although they are attracted to lights at night if you want to find them. The female chews a ring in the stem and deposits her eggs further out on the stem. The eggs hatch in the stem and the larvae feed on the dying wood in the stem caused by the girdle cutting off nutrients to the end of the branch. The larvae will overwinter in the wood and adults will emerge in the spring. Research has shown the damage has no affect on the health of mesquite trees and it is simply nature’s way of pruning. So the good news is you don’t have to do anything to prevent these beetles from chewing on your trees.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
More like this...
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I have attached a photo of my coral aloe (Aloe striata). After much searching, I believe the hideous, growth seen in the photo is aloe cancer/gall/mite?ÌýI have dug up, bagged and put the plant in the trash. Apparently, I can never have another aloe again except Blue Elf? Is this true, and is this wretched little mite a menace to my neighbor’s aloes? Is there anything else I should do? It makes me almost miss the killing freezes in Colorado!
A:ÌýI believe you are correct about the diagnosis. That appears to be damage caused by the eriophyid mite (Aceria aloinis). Because these mites are microscopic, it is difficult to know they are there until the damage is seen. There is some anecdotal evidence that the “Blue Elf†variety of aloe is unaffected but there is no science to back this up that I have seen. On the other hand, other known host plants include the aloe species arborescens, dichotoma, nobilis, and spinossima as well as Haworthia species. In general, I don’t see these mites as a widespread problem so I wouldn’t put all my aloe investments in one species. They are sporadic pests on aloes and based on the number of questions I get, many people don’t have a problem with them. These mites can spread by crawling and by wind. Because they can’t fly it isn’t a quickly spreading problem and your neighbor’s plants could very well be safe from infestation. What you did by bagging the infested plant and disposing of it is the best thing to do and probably enough to stop it from spreading.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: We are planting cat claw vines along a fence line for privacy. We chose cat claw for its low water use, fast growing and lower temperature tolerance.ÌýWe live in Catalina at 3,140 feet. Our soil is gravelly sandy silt for 18 inches with a silty clay layer below. We have built 4-foot wide by 8-foot tall trellises to cover the 50-foot stretch along a chain link fence on the south side of our house. The trellises are rebar and four-by-four-inch welded mesh panels. I just read that cat claw may not be suitable for planting on wire. Why? I had not read that before. If it’s about strength shouldn’t what we have built support them? How far apart should we plant the vines, the nursery told us five feet. Would four feet be too close? Would one foot from the fence be appropriate?
A:ÌýThe reason wire fences are not recommended is because the foliage of cat claw vine (Macfadyena unguis-cati) tends to concentrate near the top of the plant making it top heavy. The average wire fence would likely not support such a heavy plant. Rebar and welded mesh panels are probably tougher than the wire fence you read about. You might need to add horizontal stretches of wire to prevent the vine from pulling away once it fully covers the trellis. This is a fairly aggressive vine and should ultimately fill in the gaps when planted five feet apart. Growth should start slow and speed up once it becomes established. One foot from the fence seems right.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I live in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ (caliche paradise). I have a ruby red grapefruit tree in my patio. It is 20 years old, 17 feet tall.ÌýOver the years I have trimmed it into a nice shade tree that gives us 150 square feet of shade. It has four separate trunks off the main trunk. The main trunk is 38 inches in circumference. I just harvested it and counted over 500 large grapefruit. I have not fed it in the last 10 years. I deep water every 10 days in the summer and once a month in winter. What is the normal life span? What am I doing wrong?
A:ÌýGrapefruit trees do not need a lot of fertilizer. A mature tree of the size you described probably has roots extending past the patio and receiving fertilizer from your turfgrass, garden, etc. Or perhaps the site is on a former agriculture field and there is still some residual fertilizer left in the soil. Or perhaps there is fertilizer in the irrigation water. Sooner or later, the tree will show nutrient deficiencies. Maybe it already is, but your yield is not yet affected. Grapefruit trees can live to be 50 years under ideal conditions but insects, diseases, and user errors often take their toll and shorten life spans. Your irrigation schedule seems to be on track so other than finding a way to add some fertilizer to the outer root zone, I think you are doing a fine job taking care of your tree.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: We have chickens running free in a backyard of citrus trees, and to protect the flock I’ve avoided using granular citrus fertilizer to feed those trees.ÌýI’ve used water-soluble general plant food followed with a top dress of compost or mulch, but want to meet the particular nutritional needs of the citrus. How would you suggest fertilizing the citrus?
A:ÌýThe way you are fertilizing is fine. The important information to know is how much nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (potash) is in your water-soluble plant food. The percent of these three nutrients contained in a particular product are usually listed in that order, separated by dashes, on the front of the fertilizer container. Once you know the percent nitrogen, you can cross-reference that with the size the tree in our handy chart to determine how much fertilizer to put down. The difficult thing to know about compost and mulch is the amount of nitrogen available to the plant. The good companies put an analysis of the compost on the bag but still you have to wait for the compost to be watered into the root zone and that can take varying amounts of time dependent on your soil type and how much water is used. The nice thing about compost and mulch is that independent of the nutrients they provide, there is protection of the root zone that can moderate temperature extremes and increase the water holding capacity of the root zone. By the way, depending on how many chickens you have, you may be getting significant additional fertilizer from them.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question:ÌýIs there a list of fruit trees that grow in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥? Specifically, I am interested in peaches, apricots, cherries (sweet and sour) and apples? If they need a pollinator, which varieties do best together?
Answer: The main limiting factor to successfully growing fruit trees in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ is the lack of cold weather. Fruit trees require a certain amount of chilling hours to produce fruit, and we do not consistently get enough cold weather to meet the requirements for many fruit trees you may have seen or heard about in other parts of the country. Fortunately, there is a good selection of fruit trees that do fine here, and as long as you stick with these, you can have many years of harvesting your homegrown fruit. From your list of interests, you can find varieties of peaches, apricots and apples that grow well here. We don’t have cherries, but you can substitute figs, pears, persimmons, plums, quince, grapes, kiwi, blackberries, strawberries and pomegranates. Here is a link to our publication on fruits and nuts that includes much of what you need to know about these varieties. You will notice that the ones that do well in the low desert of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ are marked. There is a link to the pdf version that has a nice chart showing when they are harvested and if they require cross-pollination. Go to
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: Thanks to our climate, I’m doing a postmortem for last season’s garden and planning seed starting for next season pretty much simultaneously.ÌýAbout tomatillos: I’ve had rotten luck. I’ve had single plants, mixed varieties, started seeds, bought plants from reputable local nurseries and have tried to appropriately manage watering and soil nitrogen. Tomatoes have done just fine. Tomatillos? I’ve had rotten luck.
Answer:ÌýNow is an excellent time to revisit and evaluate your gardening practices in 2015. In theory, growing tomatillos should be easy although they are as sensitive to the heat as tomatoes and there are a few insects to watch for so you don’t lose your crop. Shade cloth can help protect them once the spring heat kicks in and checking for insects once a week should be sufficient to manage pests before they get out of control. Here are some basic guidelines for growing tomatillos. Please let me know if you are already doing all these things.
Tomatillos should be planted in full sun with well-drained soil. Jan. 15 to Feb. 15 is the ideal planting time, although you can wait until March if you are using transplants. Drip irrigation is ideal and should provide an inch of water per week. Multiple plants are required for pollination.
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: Thanks to our climate, I’m doing a postmortem for last season’s garden and planning seed starting for next season pretty much simultaneously.ÌýAbout tomatillos: I’ve had rotten luck. I’ve had single plants, mixed varieties, started seeds, bought plants from reputable local nurseries and have tried to appropriately manage watering and soil nitrogen. Tomatoes have done just fine. Tomatillos? I’ve had rotten luck.
Answer:ÌýNow is an excellent time to revisit and evaluate your gardening practices in 2015. In theory, growing tomatillos should be easy although they are as sensitive to the heat as tomatoes and there are a few insects to watch for so you don’t lose your crop. Shade cloth can help protect them once the spring heat kicks in and checking for insects once a week should be sufficient to manage pests before they get out of control. Here are some basic guidelines for growing tomatillos. Please let me know if you are already doing all these things.
Tomatillos should be planted in full sun with well-drained soil. Jan. 15 to Feb. 15 is the ideal planting time, although you can wait until March if you are using transplants. Drip irrigation is ideal and should provide an inch of water per week. Multiple plants are required for pollination.
Question:ÌýIs it too late for my bougainvilleas? I was out of town during the recent night freezes in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥, and I now have two bougainvilleas that are half frozen (they look great where the branches were protected by my awning). What do I do with the dead half? Pinch off the flowers and leaves? Prune it back? Just leave it alone?
Answer:ÌýSince you still have live parts it’s not too late to cover them in case we get more frosts. They will likely come back from this damage. The dead parts will protect the living parts somewhat in case we have more frosty temperatures so leave the dead parts on the plant until the spring when the danger of frost has passed.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question:ÌýI live here in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ at Villa Catalina condos at Sixth Street and Country Club Road. We have a small rose garden with some beautiful flowers. My problem is some of our larger flowers don’t fully open. I get a very large ball, very tight, but will not open. Then there are flowers next to them, and they open nicely. Any ideas?
Answer:ÌýThere are a couple possible answers to this problem. If the rose buds that don’t open appear unhealthy, possibly with a browning on the edges, there are known diseases and insects that can affect them. If the buds appear to be healthy, a more likely problem is environmental stress. According to local rose expert and master gardener volunteer,ÌýLauren Kettenbach, this time of year that is a common problem. Before Thanksgiving there was some pretty cold weather, and then it got warm again. So it could be weather-related, and it’s also very late in the season to have any blooms at all. I would not worry unless there is a problem with the spring bloom.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question:ÌýWe live in the Tanque Verde area. In the spring I planted a tomato seedling in very good soil in the planter next to the house on the patio. It grew quite tall and produced tomatoes. I missed the weather forecast for our first frost, and the leaves wilted. Since then I’ve hung frost cloth from the eaves every evening, which traps the heat from the house. Last week when it was 26 on the patio it was 40 inside the frost cloth. Since it was wilted I cut the plant down, intending to uproot it, but noticed new green shoots coming from the bottom. Any hope for the plant, or should I start over in the spring?
Answer:ÌýAs you saw, even if the temperatures are below freezing for a short time, some plants will die back above the soil and still be alive below ground. It is best to cover frost-sensitive plants when possible. In many cases, protecting plants with frost cloth can make the difference between survival and starting over. Your tomato could be fine since you are seeing new growth now. Time will tell for your plant and for many others. Patience is a virtue when determining how much damage your plants suffered. Some plants will not show new life until mid-spring.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: Any idea whose eggs these are? They were on an orange tree in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥.
A:ÌýKatydid laid those eggs. Technically, katydids are grasshoppers of the long-horned variety (Family Tettigoniidae) due to their long antennae. They get their name from the noise they make in the evenings that seems to say ka-ty-did if you use your imagination. Because they often resemble the leaves of trees they inhabit, it is difficult to see them unless they move about. Their eggs resemble small seeds and are laid in a nice row on foliage or stems mostly. Like other grasshoppers, katydids feed on foliage although no appreciable damage is done so they are more of a curiosity than a pest.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I am writing to see if you have information about peach tree blight.ÌýI have two peach trees in Green Valley and both have been affected by a blight that causes the peaches to shrink in size and become inedible. Is there a treatment for this disease? Both trees have produced fruit for many years and are now advanced in age; one tree is 37 years old and the other over 30 years. They both still produce green leaves and fruit.
A: Improper pruning, not enough thinning of fruit, or poor soil fertility, can cause too small fruit.ÌýThe other factor in your situation is the age of the trees. Peach trees don’t live forever and the average lifespan is around 15 years. I love old trees but if your goal is fruit production, the best thing is to replace your old trees with a couple of younger ones. Peaches typically start producing fruit by age 3 or 4 so if you can’t wait for fresh peaches, select a tree of that age to replace your older trees.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com.
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: Our small HOA is trying to convert to desert or semi-desert landscaping.ÌýIt’s a fight, as some owners want the same flowers they had back east or in California, but we keep trying. We have a number of old Cyprus trees on the property and have been told that it is OK to disconnect the drip irrigation systems currently watering them because they have a well-established root system that will ensure they get enough water. Do you agree it is OK to not water them any longer? We don’t want them anymore, but can’t afford to cut them down. I’d also like to learn what desert plants you recommend that don’t need regular watering, provide color, and, if it’s not asking too much, what months they bloom?
A:ÌýKeep up the good fight for native desert or desert-adapted plants. We can always go visit our old plant friends from other places but it is hard to sustain them here. Cypress trees need water just like everyone else. If you cut off the supply, those trees will eventually die of complications from drought. The problem with just letting them die is they might fall and hurt somebody or something. If they are out in the middle of nowhere that might be okay but I am guessing they are not. There are desert plants that don’t need much water but everything needs some water.
The extreme examples get by with seasonal rainfall but even those plants suffer when we have a drought. There are quite a few choices of shrubs you can use that provide color and don’t require much water. A good online source of information for this is and of course you can always chat up your local Cooperative Extension agent, plant nurseries and Master Gardener volunteers about specific plants.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: We have been having a bad stink bug infestation (hemipterans not pinacate beetles) the past couple of years in the garden.ÌýThis past year they were out early and often and basically ruined the entire tomato crop. We are at 5,000 feet and don’t plant until May. First fruits are almost never harvested before Aug. 15. It is a cold zone with 46 nights at or below freezing so far this winter (no that is not a misprint). Do you have any suggestions to deal with these pests?
A:ÌýThere are a couple things you can do. First, it is helpful to scout once a week when your crop comes up to see when the stink bugs begin to lay eggs. They are laid in a mass of 10-25 on the underside of leaves and look like tiny barrels. You can reduce the population significantly by removing the eggs before they hatch. Once they hatch and are actively feeding you can spray them and the sooner, the better while they are still young. If your crop is organic there is a product called PyGanic that works pretty well on hemipterans. If you use conventional pesticides, there are more choices but they may have some restrictions on when you apply them relative to when you harvest.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I have a backyard of Bermuda that is overseeded with annual rye grass.ÌýLast year was my first in this house and I moved in during January to find numerous winter weeds sprouting in the over-seeded Bermuda grass. With the recent rains I have the same weeds returning. Will a general-purpose weed and feed fertilizer/herbicide take care of the weeds or should I use another product? When should I apply? Last year I removed the weeds by pulling them out by hand.
A:ÌýWithout knowing which weeds you are seeing I would guess you are concerned about winter annual broadleaf weeds such as London rocket. These are called winter annuals because they germinate in the fall, survive the winter, and sprout in the spring. Our winter in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ being mild and short, these weeds don’t waste time waiting for the vernal equinox and are up and flowering now. The answer to your question is likely yes; any post-emergent broadleaf weed herbicide will take these weeds down. A cautionary note: your trees and shrubs are in the same plant category as your broadleaf weeds so be careful about applying these herbicides on these desired plants and their root zones. In most situations, spot treating your weeds is better than carpeting your lawn with herbicide both for saving your desirable plants and for saving a few bucks on the product.
It is best to treat your weeds now before they go to seed. Be careful to avoid windy days so the herbicide doesn’t drift onto nearby plants and follow any other precautions listed on the label. Pulling weeds is also an option and can be therapeutic, if you have the time and the energy. Finally, keeping your lawn healthy is a good defense against weeds.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: What is the best month in the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥/Marana area to trim back hibiscus and bougainvillea plants?ÌýAlso, I need to cut back and trim greasewood so what is the best month for that shrub?
A:ÌýHibiscus species should be pruned in late winter to promote growth in the spring because it blooms from buds produced in the same season. Bougainvillea species can be pruned once the danger of frost has past, usually mid-March. During the growing season, vigorous shoots can be pruned as needed. Greasewood, aka creosote (Larrea tridentata), doesn’t require any pruning except to control the size and that can be done any time.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: I am trying to find out what kind of plants I can plant in my garden that will help ward off insects.
Answer:ÌýDespite a large amount of misinformation published on this topic, there are no plants that can be used to repel insects effectively. There are, however, plants that can be planted together to reap other benefits. Flowering plants can be used to attract beneficial insects that help manage pests. Mostly these helpful plants are flowering plants that supply nectar and pollen to the predators and parasites that prey on pest insects. The nice thing is most any flowering plants can be effective in this way so you can choose ones that you like and that do well in your area. One plant feature that works well is flowers that face up and form a cup or sorts that can hold rainwater since water can be scarce. Another idea is planting varieties that are more attractive to pests and can be used as trap crops to lure the pests away from a desirable crop. The grower then has the option to spray the trap crop with the pests on it or simply let them eat it. Also, some plants act as nurse plants for more sensitive species by shading them. We often see saguaro cacti growing this way naturally in the desert.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Poinsettias thrive on bright natural daylight: at least six hours daily is recommended. Placement near a sunny window is ideal, but avoid locations where hot afternoon sun may shine directly on, and fade colorful bracts.
To prolong the bright red of the bracts, temperatures ideally should not exceed 70 degrees during the day, or fall below 65 degrees at night. Avoid placing poinsettias near drafts, fluctuating air currents, excess heat and dry air from appliances, fireplaces or ventilating ducts. Poinsettias are sensitive to cold temperatures and outside placement during the winter months is not recommended when temperatures are below 55 degrees Leaf drop will occur if poinsettias are exposed to temperatures below 50 degrees
Poinsettias do best with moist soil so water when the soil surface feels dry to the touch. Like other container plants, the best indication of a thorough watering is water begins to seep through the drain holes at the bottom of the pot. Don't leave them sitting in water or they may suffer from root rot. It is not necessary to fertilize your poinsettias during the holiday season, however, beyond the holidays you should apply a balanced, all-purpose household plant fertilizer to promote new growth.
Poinsettias can be grown year round for lush green foliage.
March or April:ÌýWhen the bracts age and turn to a muddy green, cut the stems back to about eight inches in height. After you cut the plant back, it will probably look rather stark, with bare branches and bluntly cut woody stems.
By the end of May, you should see new growth. Keep the plants near a sunny window.
Around July 4:ÌýCut branches back again about half their length to encourage bushy plants. You may place your poinsettias outdoors in indirect sun when night temperatures are warmer. Continue to water the plants regularly during the growing period. Fertilize every two to three weeks throughout the spring, summer and fall months with a complete, indoor plant fertilizer.
The poinsettia is a plant that requires a long period of darkness and is termed a "short day" (long night) plant. Short-day plants form flowers only when day length is less than about 12 hours. Many spring and fall flowering plants are short day plants, including chrysanthemums, poinsettias and Christmas cactus. If these are exposed to more than 12 hours of light per day, bloom formation does not occur.
November or December:ÌýPoinsettias will naturally bloom depending upon the flowering response time of the particular cultivar. This can be tricky to do outside of a controlled greenhouse environment, because any stray artificial light could delay or halt the flowering of the plants.
To make this work, the plants must be kept in complete darkness for 14 continuous hours each night beginning Oct. 1. This can be done by moving the plants to a dark room, or placing a large box over them. During this period, the plants require six to eight hours of bright sunlight and night temperatures between 60 and 70 degrees. This regimen must continue for about eight to 10 weeks for the plants to develop colorful bracts for the holiday season.
If this seems like too much effort, you can always support the horticulture industry by purchasing another poinsettia.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: Can you tell me if this tree is a cedar of Lebanon?
A:ÌýIt looks like a deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) from a distance. Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani) branches usually form level layers in a mature tree. The deodar doesn’t usually look as layered and the branches and the leader tend to droop at the ends.
To be sure, you can count the needles in a cluster and you can measure them. The cedar of Lebanon has clusters of 15 to 45 whereas the deodar cedar has clusters of 20 to 30 so there is some overlap but if you can find some with greater than 30 needles that is a good clue.
Of the three true cedar trees in the genus Cedrus, the longest needles belong to the deodar cedar. If most needles exceed 2Æ’ centimeters is likely a deodar cedar.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: Today I spoke with two lovely ladies at the Oro Valley Farmers market. I asked about this flower that grows wild in my yard. When I first saw it I thought it was a form of dandelion, but it has a gorgeous iridescent white bloom that opens at dusk. The hawk moths love it. The seedpods are plentiful right now, all dried up at the base of the plant. I’m including some pictures to help identify it. One woman showed me a photo of a birdcage primrose, however I’m thinking it is just an evening primrose.
A:ÌýThere are a few species of primrose so it’s easy to get confused. I checked with our friends at the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Herbarium and they think it is Oenothera caespitosa, commonly known as tufted evening primrose and fragrant evening primrose. This low-growing perennial is found throughout the West in sunny, dry, infertile, rocky, well-drained soils. It requires little water, which makes it a good choice for xeriscape gardens. Moderate watering will keep it blooming all summer.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: Do you have any info that would help our HOA organize its response to its fountain grass infestation? Also, are there any fountain grass variations that local nurseries sell that are sterile and won’t spread?
A:ÌýFountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum) is a fast growing, attractive, perennial, fire-adapted bunch grass and in our ideal environment can reach several feet tall and wide. It does just fine in dry environments although some rain helps. Unfortunately, it invades desert areas and readily outcompetes native species.
There are some varieties that are purported to be sterile but research shows they’re not 100 percent sterile and that’s a deal breaker considering it is invasive. Since it is a noxious weed in dry areas like ours I recommend removing it when possible, spraying with herbicides when necessary, and not planting it again. As is sometimes the case with invasive plants, humans are guilty of planting this species before we knew it was invasive. When it was first introduced, it was thought to be just another pretty grass for medians and landscapes.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: I found this insect on my gas grill today.ÌýIs this the kissing bug I have been reading about?
Answer:ÌýWhat you are seeing is the giant agave bug (Acanthocephala thomasi). Kissing bugs (Triatoma species) are smaller and don’t have the bright orange feet and orange tips on the antennae. Also, the kissing bugs feed primarily on mammals, such as pack rats and humans, whereas the bug you found feeds on plants. Recently, there was a flurry of news reports in other parts of the country on the kissing bugs and the associated Chagas disease they can transmit. These stories then spread through social media, gathering some misinformation as they went. So I understand why you are concerned. Despite the media hype, this was not actually new information.
Kissing bugs are more common in the Southwest. However, the risk of Chagas disease transmission in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ is very low, according to University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Cooperative Extension SpecialistÌýDawn Gouge.ÌýUA researchers found a high rate of infection (about 40 percent) of kissing bugs in southern ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ by the protozoanÌýTrypanosoma cruziÌýthat causes the Chagas disease infection. However, the kissing bugs in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ differ from those in areas where Chagas disease is a health problem and are not as effective in transmitting the disease to humans. The reason has to do with the timing of blood feeding and defecating. Our local species fly then poop as opposed to poop then fly. The protozoa are passed in feces, not during blood feeding, so by waiting to defecate until after they fly from where they eat, their behavior greatly reduces chances for transmission.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: I have a desert broom plant in my yard that has turned into a tree. I really like it but it is now blooming and is sending cottony stuff all over the yard.ÌýMy neighbor said it is a weed and a nuisance and I should cut it down. Is there any way I can keep it from blooming?
Answer:ÌýDesert broom (Baccharis sarothroides) is a native plant and very common in the Southwest. It is often considered a weed because of its ability to colonize open spaces quickly. My predecessor at the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Cooperative Extension,ÌýGeorge Brookbank, was a proponent of this plant as a good native shrub for landscape use, so not everyone sees this plant as a weed. There is no way to prevent it from blooming, but you could prune off the flowers before they go to seed and start taking flight. That way you could still enjoy the plant to some extent and hopefully appease your neighbor.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: Our HOA has declared war on buffelgrass: a good thing.ÌýBut rather than remove it, they are having intense commercial spraying of glyphosate using concentrations higher than the typical herbicide available to homeowners. I cannot find information (from scientific sources such as .edu) about the immediate or long-term toxicity of the spray on cactus or our desert trees. Do you know of any research showing what it may do?
Answer:ÌýAccording to our University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ Cooperative Extension Weed Specialist,ÌýBill McCloskey, direct spraying of cacti with glyphosate repeatedly will probably kill most cactus species but they can withstand incidental spray contact (i.e., the whole plant is not sprayed) intermittently and can survive a single direct spraying. Generally, we recommend spraying grass-specific herbicides for grass control (e.g., fluaziflop, sethoxydim or clethodim on bermuda grass) to avoid injuring the cacti. Unfortunately, this class of herbicides doesn’t work well on buffelgrass, but maybe repeated spraying would eventually do it. Manual removal of buffelgrass would be effective in this case but understandably hard around cacti.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: I occasionally run across a dead branch on some of my mesquite trees.ÌýThe dead branch sticks out like a sore thumb, and on closer inspection, there is a ring around the branch etched into the bark. The foliage in front of the ring is dead, but behind everything appears fine. First, do you know what causes this? Second, should I be concerned. And third, should I be preventing this and how? Right now, all I do is prune the branch out.
Answer:ÌýThe ring etched in the bark is the work of the mesquite twig girdler (Oncideres rhodosticta). This beetle is in the family Cerambycidae that are commonly referred to as long-horned beetles due to their long antennae. The adults aren’t commonly seen on the trees although they are attracted to lights at night if you want to find them. The female chews a ring in the stem and deposits her eggs further out on the stem. The eggs hatch in the stem and the larvae feed on the dying wood in the stem caused by the girdle cutting off nutrients to the end of the branch. The larvae will overwinter in the wood and adults will emerge in the spring. Research has shown the damage has no affect on the health of mesquite trees and it is simply nature’s way of pruning. So the good news is you don’t have to do anything to prevent these beetles from chewing on your trees.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: We are snowbirds here November through March. Much of our landscape was redone the last week of March and we departed April 3.ÌýNow we have just returned and I see our 5-gallon emus (red valentine shrubs) have bit the dust and a couple red barrels are dying. These plants should have been sturdy enough for their western exposure site. Our new sprinkler system is one year old and works fine. Would you guess that these plants should not have been planted so late in the spring before we left right away? Perhaps they needed two to three daily waterings on hot summer days but no one was here? Our gardener/landscaper didn’t indicate that there should be any problems and he knew we are here just part time and he set the sprinklers.
We both chose the plants together and he knew we were leaving immediately after he installed the landscape. He wasn’t able to schedule our work sooner and I think maybe the job shouldn’t have been done after late January to allow the plants to settle in before the heat hit.
A:ÌýThe last week of March and into April we were seeing temperatures in the high 80s and low 90s. If your irrigation was working properly and delivering the right amount of water then you might have been OK, although western sun exposure is a tough place to get started when it gets hot.
Drip irrigation is the preferred method rather than a sprinkler and the recommended amount for the summer season is once every 14 days to a depth of 12 to 18 inches for the barrel cacti and 24 to 36 inches for the emu shrubs. The barrels (Ferocactus species) are certainly desert plants and the emu (Eremophila maculata) is from Australia and a good desert adapted plant so their chance of survival in your area is good.
You are asking the right questions and if you are planning to try again, I recommend planting earlier, maybe now, so they can get established before the summer and make sure to adjust your irrigation to fit the needs of the plants.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: When is the correct time to prune roses in the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥ area? And do you prune them like we do in the Midwest, i.e. cut back near the ground?
Answer:ÌýThe pruning of roses is recommended twice per year in ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. The first pruning can be done in late January to a height of 15 inches or so. This time remove all dead wood, crossing branches, and small leaves. Seal the fresh pruning cuts with Elmer’s glue to prevent insects from invading the newly cut branches, fertilize, and then water.
In mid-September a lighter pruning is recommended. This time remove one third of the plant along with any diseased or dead wood but leave any leaflets. Seal fresh cuts with Elmer’s Glue, fertilize, and water.
The Pima County Master Gardeners teach classes on roses and other things at some of the public libraries in case you’re interested. Check your library schedules or call the Extension Office for more information,626-5161.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I am writing to inquire about recommendations for a nontoxic approach to controlling citrus leafminer on a young lime tree I am growing in a large pot.ÌýI do not recall having this pest in the past and have had limes, grapefruit and lemons for many years. This new lime tree I planted about a year ago is now infested on all the new leaves and I am wondering if there might be a nontoxic method to reduce or eliminate them. I have looked up information on the web but the recommendations seem to be relatively toxic and I would prefer to avoid those if possible.
A:ÌýBecause your lime tree is young, insecticides are generally recommended to prevent these insects from slowing the growth of the tree. That said, you could let your tree tough it out since there are natural enemies that prey on the citrus leafminer and the leaves they damage are still effective food producers for the tree.
Other things you can do to manage the situation include avoiding pruning except for water sprouts and branches broken by wind, et cetera, and only fertilizing outside of the normal flights of the adults. The adults are most often seen in the summer and fall months. Both pruning and fertilizing promote the new growth that is most attractive to these insects.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q:ÌýI’ve never seen a bug like this one found in my garage. It had eyes and would move quickly when I put my finger in front of it.
A:ÌýThis is a solpugid. It is a member of the arachnid class in the phylum of arthropods and related to spiders and scorpions but distinct enough to warrant their own order. Their habitat is the desert and they are predators of other arthropods and have a reputation for being fast; their top speed is reportedly around 10mph. They have no venom, are harmless to humans, and do a good bit of pest management for us while we sleep. All things considered, they are good to have around.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question:ÌýI have a palm tree the city wants me to trim. I don’t want to spend the money to have someone else do it. I don’t want to climb a 20-foot ladder with a chainsaw. And I like the way this tree looks. Can you help me by saying something about how this form is considered by many people to be attractive and is a common landscape practice?
Answer:ÌýIt is a common practice to leave a full skirt on palm trees and you can find others in the city just like yours. Most palm trees with a full skirt are a bit taller and as long as the bottom 10 feet of the tree is bare and the dead fronds are away from anything that might catch fire, everything is deemed okay. Some people find the natural form of these trees with a full skirt to be attractive and others like to see them well pruned. Unfortunately for you, the city requires the latter when the skirt hangs low like yours does. The hazards of palm skirts and the risks are mostly fire and having it fall on someone and crush them.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question:ÌýI found a patch of Aleppo pine that is dying on the west side of La Canada. The road was recently widened (3 years ago) and this whole group fronts close to the road. Could the die-off be due to road widening?
Answer:ÌýYes, the trees could be suffering from the road widening. Construction would likely damage the roots on that side of the tree and typically damage such as this shows up above ground a few years later. It would be difficult to protect such large trees in a road-widening because their roots likely extend two to three times the width of the crown. In a different construction situation the property owner could ask for a protective zone to be fenced off around the tree to help more of the root system to survive. Typically when we see trees that have been attacked by pine engraver beetles, the color of the needles ranges from straw to reddish colors.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to plwarren@cals.arizona.edu
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I’m looking for a good tree that gives fall color.ÌýI’m trying to decide between a Texas red oak and a red push pistache. Is one a better tree for our desert climate? Which grows quicker and has better form? It would be planted about 20 feet from our home in Marana. Could you give me info about each tree so I could make a good choice?
A:ÌýThe Texas red oak (Quercus buckleyi), aka the Texas hill country red oak, is a deciduous shade tree that may reach 30 feet in height and 60 feet in width under ideal circumstances. It has excellent fall color and makes a good specimen for our area. The downside might be the leaf litter and the acorns, depending on how you feel about either cleaning up after them or not. The red push pistache (Pistacia chinensis) is a hybrid deciduous tree that also has excellent fall color, maybe even better than the oak. Its growth is moderate and at maturity it typically reaches 40 feet tall by 35 feet wide. The leaflets are smaller and should be less troublesome than the oak leaves. The pistache should just fit your space if you plant it 20 feet away. The Texas red oak is typically a larger tree and would not fit your space as well.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Email him atÌýcsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I have been buying firewood (mesquite and eucalyptus) to burn some and use some for woodcrafts like lathe-turned vases.ÌýIt is common for the wood to be full of large round and oblong holes that are caused by some type of insect. Recently I was able to extract two almost whole grubs of some sort from a piece of mesquite. One “grub†is essentially round, and the other has a large head, sort of triangular, and a smaller round body. Can you tell me what these are and if they pose any danger to my house? Is there anything I can do to get rid of them?
Also, I cut some fresh mesquite last spring and left it in my garage to dry over the summer. It became riddled with small circular holes, apparently caused by some different insect. In this case the damage is pretty much limited to the early, or sap wood. Can you also give me some information about the insect that causes this other type of damage?
A:ÌýThe two grubs are representatives of common wood-boring beetles from the Buprestidae and Cerambycidae families of insects. The round one is a larva of a long-horned beetle and the one with the large head is a larva of a metallic wood-boring beetle. Both of these insects are associated with dying or dead trees. Their galleries can be seen on sapwood, as you described, and the adult beetles are commonly seen emerging from firewood. They are not known to infest or reinfest dry wood so your home is safe. The small circular holes are from bark beetles, another species commonly associated with dying and dead trees in our area. In the forest, these three are examples of insects helping decompose trees into soil. Without them and the associated fungi and bacteria, we would be up to our eyeballs in timber and our soils would have even less organic matter than usual.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Email him atÌýcsongardensage@gmail.com
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I was finally sitting outside last week with my soda and had up to five aggressive bees wanting my beverage. Yikes! They even have a memory cause the next day without my beverage, they were still checking me out! I also noticed them in my recycle bin. I don’t remember this happening before. Is anything different going on?
A:ÌýThe main thing going on this year is a slightly colder winter. Honeybees overwinter in their hives to keep warm and feed on the honey they stored during the warmer months. On nice days, they are as likely to get outside as you are and they will also partake in a sweet beverage. Since not as many flowering plants are available in the winter, you may see honeybees in recycle bins where food and drink residues may be found in addition to having some competition for your beverage.
As you exclaim, “careful man, there’s a beverage here,†be reminded that we all have to eat and a sugary beverage is a food source for a bee.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: I live in Sierra Vista and have a small peach tree, about 3 to 4 years old. Last spring it bloomed for the first time and set about a dozen peaches. When the fruit was a bit smaller than golf ball size, I noticed each one had a small hole and was oozing a clear sap-like substance. I assume an insect of some kind that had bored into the fruit caused it. Each peach shriveled up and fell off the tree. With what should I treat my tree and when to prevent this again?
A:ÌýPeaches and other fruits such as pomegranates are potential food for a few different insect species. Based on your description, I suspect one of the larger plant bugs we refer to as leaf-footed bugs. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts that penetrate the fruit to suck out the sap. Their saliva has a toxin in it that injures the fruit. The resulting wound is also an entry point for disease and that is possibly what caused the fruit to shrivel and fall from the tree. Treating for this insect is challenging because as adults they are fast moving and can fly. The insecticides used are contact poisons so you need to know where they are and hit them directly with the treatment. There are organic and conventional insecticides available for this pest.
The best time to treat for them is when they are young. The young are yellow-orange in color and usually hang out in a group. Since you have a small tree this will be easier than if you had an orchard of trees to monitor.
The other thing you can do is look for eggs on your tree and remove them before they hatch. This hatch occurs in a week or less after they are laid so monitoring once a week is critical to removing them before they emerge. The eggs are laid in a row along a stem or the midrib of a leaf and are golden-brown in color. Since these insects also feed on citrus and pomegranates, it is good to monitor those plants as well if you have them nearby.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Q: We have some old mesquite trees and palo verde trees near our walking lanes. There are old clay unsealed sewer pipes nearby at a depth of about 4 feet. Are we at risk for sewer problems? How far should any tree be from a lane with old sewers? As for new trees, we were thinking of planting more of the above but not near the walk lanes. Desert willows were also suggested, but they may need more water. Do you have any other suggestions?
A:ÌýYour sewer pipes are at risk with tree roots nearby. Typically, mature tree roots extend 2 to 3 times the width of the crown so it is wise to give any potential obstructions such as sewer pipes, sidewalks and houses enough room. Since the trees are old and so are the pipes, you might wait and see if a problem presents. It is certainly a good idea to have the pipes inspected or monitor the water use rate if you suspect a leak. There are quite a few choices for low water use trees. The decision usually begins by measuring the space you have available both below ground and above ground. The mature size of a tree should be accounted for in any plan to plant. Desert willows are a low water use tree and a good one if your space isn’t large enough for a mesquite tree. Other species to consider include white thorn acacia, ironwood and Texas ebony. Your plan should also include irrigation even though you are planning to go with a low water use tree. Even native desert species need some water.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for the Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed to
- By Peter L. Warren Special to the ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥
Question: I occasionally run across a dead branch on some of my mesquite trees.ÌýThe dead branch sticks out like a sore thumb, and on closer inspection, there is a ring around the branch etched into the bark. The foliage in front of the ring is dead, but behind everything appears fine. First, do you know what causes this? Second, should I be concerned. And third, should I be preventing this and how? Right now, all I do is prune the branch out.
Answer:ÌýThe ring etched in the bark is the work of the mesquite twig girdler (Oncideres rhodosticta). This beetle is in the family Cerambycidae that are commonly referred to as long-horned beetles due to their long antennae. The adults aren’t commonly seen on the trees although they are attracted to lights at night if you want to find them. The female chews a ring in the stem and deposits her eggs further out on the stem. The eggs hatch in the stem and the larvae feed on the dying wood in the stem caused by the girdle cutting off nutrients to the end of the branch. The larvae will overwinter in the wood and adults will emerge in the spring. Research has shown the damage has no affect on the health of mesquite trees and it is simply nature’s way of pruning. So the good news is you don’t have to do anything to prevent these beetles from chewing on your trees.
Peter L. Warren is the urban horticulture agent for Pima County Cooperative Extension and the University of ÃÛèÖÖ±²¥. Questions may be emailed toÌýtucsongardensage@gmail.com
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